The blocking of the adenosine receptors enhances respiratory drive via an increase in brain medullary response to carbon dioxide, stimulating ventilation and respiratory drive, while increasing contractility of the diaphragm. The exact mechanism of action of caffeine in treating apnea related to prematurity is unknown, however, there are several proposed mechanisms, including respiratory center stimulation in the central nervous system, a reduced threshold to hypercapnia with increased response, and increased consumption of oxygen, among others. This causes lipolysis through activation of hormone-sensitive lipases, releasing fatty acids and glycerol. Phosphodiesterase enzymes regulate cell function via actions on second messengers cAMP and cGMP. One probable mechanism is the inhibition of nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes, adenosine receptors, regulation of calcium handling in cells, and participates in adenosine receptor antagonism. Theine exerts several actions on cells, but the clinical relevance is poorly understood. The effects as they relate to various body systems are described as follows:
The mechanism of action of caffeine is complex, as it impacts several body systems, which are listed below. Theine is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), Common Cold, Dark circles under eyes, Dyspepsia, Fatigue, Fever, Flu caused by Influenza, Headache, Migraine, Pain, Pain, Acute, Pain, Menstrual, Primary apnea of premature newborns, Respiratory Depression, Rheumatic Pain, Somnolence, Soreness, Muscle, Tension Headache, Toothache, Moderate Pain, Analgesia, Antacid therapy, Athletic Performance Theine has a broad range of over the counter uses, and is found in energy supplements, athletic enhancement products, pain relief products, as well as cosmetic products. In addition, it is indicated in combination with sodium benzoate to treat respiratory depression resulting from an overdose with CNS depressant drugs. Theine is indicated for the short term treatment of apnea of prematurity in infants and off label for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia caused by premature birth. It is also used in to prevent and treat pulmonary complications of premature birth. Theine is a stimulant present in tea, coffee, cola beverages, analgesic drugs, and agents used to increase alertness. Finally, caffeine acts as a mild diuretic. It is often combined in products with analgesics and ergot alkaloids, relieving the symptoms of migraine and other types of headaches. Theine promotes gastric acid secretion and increases gastrointestinal motility. It relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates the contraction of cardiac muscle, and enhances athletic performance. Theine stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), heightening alertness, and sometimes causing restlessness and agitation.
Theine is beneficial in preventing and treating apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborns, improving the quality of life of premature infants. Premature birth can lead to apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a condition that interferes with lung development and may eventually cause asthma or early onset emphysema in those born prematurely. According to an article from 2017, more than 15 million babies are born prematurely worldwide. The caffeine citrate injection, used for apnea of the premature newborn, was initially approved by the FDA in 1999. Theine is also used in a variety of cosmetic products and can be administered topically, orally, by inhalation, or by injection. It can be sourced from coffee beans, but also occurs naturally in various teas and cacao beans, which are different than coffee beans. Theine is similar in chemical structure to Theophylline and Theobromine. Theine is a drug of the methylxanthine class used for a variety of purposes, including certain respiratory conditions of the premature newborn, pain relief, and to combat drowsiness.
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